Effects of the 8th Amendment on American Law Essay

The Eighth Amendment Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.†Ever since the Eighth Amendment was ratified by the states in 1791, it has been a key part of our Constitution. The Eighth Amendment has protected our people from many things, including an overly high bail or â€Å"unnatural† punishments. It has ensured that in civil matters, as well as criminal cases, the people of America are protected from an overly high bail and cruel and unusual punishments. The Eighth Amendment has stirred up many controversies with its many paths of interpretation, in that the U.S. amendments are written down on paper but sometimes not properly enforced. The 8th amendment is the one I favor least and is to be examined during this assignment. I take the double-minded position on the subject of the 8th Amendment of for and against this amendment. Is the Death Penalty an Effective Punishment? In my opinion yes, with at least one important respect, it simply cannot be argued that a killer, once executed, can ever kill again. The crime must fit the punishment in order to justify, and this punishment must not favor anyone on the foundation of color. If this were the case I would without a doubt totally agree with this amendment, however, Studies show that there are racial biases when the death penalty is carried out. Since the resumption of executions in the early 1980’s, 40 percent of those executed have been black. And more often than not blacks were more often executed than were whites without having their conviction reviewed by any higher court. The race of the victim and the defendant inevitably influences the decision to seek a death sentence. University of Iowa law professor David Baldus conducted an exhaustive criminal sentencing study in Georgia in the 1980s. He found that prosecutors sought the death penalty for 70% of black defendants with white victims, but only 15% of black defendants with black victims. Similar patterns of racial bias are found across the country. Over half of those on death row are people of color. Black men alone make up over 42% of all death row prisoners, though they account for only 6% of people living in the U.S. Nationwide, cases involving a white victim and a defendant of color are most likely to result in a death sentence. The Baldus study found that six out of ten defendants sentenced to death in Georgia for  killing a white person would not have received a death sentence had their victim been black. A case involving a white person was over four times more likely to result in a death sentence than was a comparable black victim case. In Maryland – the state with one of the highest percentages of African Americans on death row – a death sentence is eight times more likely in a white victim case than a black victim case, according to a 1987 Public Defender’s Office study. Nearly half of those executed since 1976 have been people of color, with blacks alone accounting for 35%. All told, 82% have been put to death for the murder of a white person. Only 1.8% was whites who had been convicted of killing people of African, Asian, or Latin descent. Meanwhile, people of color are the victims in more than half of all homicides. Since 1930, one in two persons executed was black. Ultimately I must stand on the side of opposition with this Amendment on the basis of bias and suggest a moratorium until a clear version of this amendment is established with clear mandatory sentences regardless of the victim or the defendants ethnicity and does what it initially intended to do which is protect The American citizen without breaking other amendments in the process. Criminal court procedures are at an all time slow and speedy trials are a thing of the past. The government spending and income policies need to be modified to modern times. Also the treason penalty should be more heinous in the new world.ins an important part of our government. Works Cited Shortall, Joseph M.; Merrill, Denise W. Education Information Resource Center City: Publisher N/A, 1987. McCLESKEY v. KEMP- 481 U.S. 27 [Ty caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase. caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=us&vol=481&invol=279www.law.uiowa.edu/faculty/david-baldus.php

The Myth of Cyberterrorism

Problems in economy With using viruses, worm has costed to the USA $15 bil 2 Mind hackers targeted government computers Content and Organisation Read the paragraph below taken from the text â€Å"Myth of Cyberterrorism† and analyse the content and organisation. â€Å"The main reason for this controversy is that cyber-threats have not materialized as a national security threat, even granted that there have been some few incidents with at least some potential for grave consequences.Interestingly enough, both hypers and de-hypers tend to agree on this point. But while the first group assumes that vicious attacks that wreak havoc and paralyze whole nations are imminent, more cautious researchers often point to the practical difficulties of a serious cyberattack (Ingles-le Nobel, 1999), question the assumption of critical infrastructure vulnerabilities (Lewis, 2002; Smith, 1998, 2000), or point to unclear benefits of cyber- attacks for terrorist groups (Barak, 2004).Despite this c aution, however, even the second group contends that one â€Å"cannot afford to shrug off the threat† (Denning, 001 a) due to unclear and rapid tuture technological development as well as dynamic change of the capabilities of terrorism groups themselves (Technical Analysis Group, 2003). To summarize the debate in a nutshell: due to too many uncertainties concerning the scope of the threat, experts are unable to conclude whether cyber-terror is fact or fiction, or, since they are unwilling to dismiss the threat completely, how long it is likely to remain fiction.

Fundraising Presentation

Fundraising Presentation, Gyumri April 15 –April 16, 2013 I. The Basics of Fundraising a. What is fundraising? i. Raising money for a cause or project ii. Includes building a prospect pool, asking for money or in-kind donations, meeting donor expectations, clearly defining needs and resources, thanking the donors (stewardship), events, public relations, and monitoring and evaluation iii. Most important aspect: relationships, which can take time to develop b. Why is funding diversity important? iv. Chair example: If a chair only has one leg, it is unstable and will fall over.The more legs a chair has, the more stable it becomes. Same for an organization, if an organization has a sole funder, their success is determinant upon the stability of that relationship and continued funding. The more funders an organization has, the more stable they are. If one funder pulls their support, the organization does not collapse. c. Think about your organization for which you are fundraising ( hand out index cards for everyone to write their answers) v. What is their mission? vi. What is their vision? vii. Why do they exist? viii. What would happen if this organization didn’t exist? x. Why are you here? x. Can everyone from your organization, your community, your beneficiaries, your donors, etc clearly define the mission of the organization and is it basically the same? xi. Is the financial support you have received in the past and are looking to secure in the future in line with your mission? xii. Look at yourselves as a public benefit organization d. Presentation of the Organization xiii. Are you all working towards the same mission? xiv. â€Å"Elevator Pitch† 1. Clear and concise description of your organization, its work, and its value 2.Thirty seconds to two minutes (one of the most important interactions with your donor) 3. All staff, volunteers, and those associated with your organization should have a pitch 4. Give Peace Corps example 5. Homework for second day xv. Needs of the NGO 6. Needs include money, resources, materials, trainings, etc. 7. Can you tell me today what your specific needs are and how much those needs would cost? (Financial/ Resources Needs Assessment) xvi. Public Relations 8. Website, Newsletters, Email Updates, Facebook page 9.All of your social media and newsletters should be consistent with each other, updated at the same time with comparable information 10. We’ll go into more details about Public relations shortly e. Donor Expectations xvii. If you were to give money to an organization, what would you want in return? 11. Elevator Pitch 12. Clearly defined mission and vision 13. Reasons why they should invest in your NGO/project 14. Projects, ideas, and plans for which you need financial support 15. Overview of successful projects you have done in the past 16.Reports 17. Good reputation in the community and with beneficiaries 18. Communication, Honesty, Transparency 19. Commitment and cohesiveness of the staff 20. What exactly you are going to do with their money f. Donor Relations and Stewardship xviii. Updates to donor xix. How are you thanking them? xx. How are you recognizing their donation? xxi. Will they give again? xxii. Will go into more details about this shortly II. Identifying and Working with Donors g. Donor Prospect Pool xxiii. Who might want to give to this organization? brainstorm a list) 21. Parishioners of the church 22. World Vision, Caritas, other NGO’s in the community with resources to give 23. Family and friends 24. Local community members (why is what you’re doing important to them? , Who will feel moved by the work you are doing? ) 25. Diaspora 26. Corporations – VivaCell, Orange Foundation, Coca Cola 27. Realities of fundraising in Armenia a. Grants- majority are international b. Corporate Giving/ Corporate Social Responsibility- new concept here in Armenia c.Government funding- In 2011, the state provided NGO’s with $8 mil lion, mostly to sports federations and state-funded or state-operated organizations on a noncompetitive basis d. Individual donations e. Community Support f. Diaspora g. Funding Diversity h. Projects being donor driven not mission driven i. Overhead costs xxiv. Who do you know? xxv. Relationships are the key to building your prospect pool xxvi. Invite potential prospects to visit your organization, build the relationship before you ask them for something h. What makes a person or organization donate? xvii. If you meet with an organization, how do you expect them to present themselves to you? 28. Clear, concise, honest overview 29. Well thought out, able to easily identify the mission, vision, and beneficiaries to be served 30. Overview of successful projects, current projects, and future plans 31. Overview of specific needs of the NGO xxviii. Do you believe in the mission and vision? 32. A donor has to believe in the mission or vision, or you have to help them believe, give them rea sons to care. xxix. How do they have to use your money and what do you want in return from them? 33.Communication, honesty, transparent used exactly as they say it will be used for effective projects xxx. What will make you give again? 34. communication, success, beneficiary satisfaction, reporting, relationship with the organization, recognition of the organization, name in the community/associated with the project xxxi. What kind of relationship do you expect from the NGO? 35. strong leadership, honesty, communication, want to feel proud of the work they are doing and the reputation they have in the community, understanding of strategic goals, I want to see the organization has taken the time to define themselves III.Fundraising Plan i. Should be written on an annual basis j. Who is going to write the plan? xxxii. Should have a lead who collaborates with your Director, key stakeholders, and the board k. Start with your fundraising goal (how much money do you need? ) xxxiii. This f undraising goal amount should be based on the needs of the organization xxxiv. How much money needs to be raised/ resources secured in order to carry out the activities which your organization wants to carry out over the next year? l. The mission/ message (Why do you need the money? xxxv. What do you plan to do with the money you raise? xxxvi. Line by line- what are you using your budget for? m. The Tactics (How are you going to raise this money? ) xxxvii. Figure out how you are going to raise different amounts of money over the course of the next year and where that money is going to go. xxxviii. Identify different tactics 36. Individual Giving 37. Major Donor Groups- talking with larger corporations 38. Events 39. Online giving 40. Participatory Fundraising 41. Grants 42. Corporate Giving Programs n. The Timeline xxix. Create the timeline to include dates for all events and fundraising goals throughout the year IV. Donor Relations and Stewardship (managing the gift, thanking and k eeping the donor engaged) o. The comprehensive effort of any nonprofit that seeks philanthropic support to ensure that donors experience high-quality interactions with the organization that foster long-term engagement and investment. This effort is commonly thought to have four elements. xl. Gift acceptance and management 43. Your organizations policies and procedures for gifts. 44.Discussion about how the gift is going to be used, making sure the donors requests and the organizations needs are in line. 45. Procedures to track how the gift is being used. 46. Structures for Giving Opportunities (Example: donor recognition pieces/plaques, named spaces, or giving societies) xli. Acknowledgement 47. Thanking the donor j. Personalized letters, E-mails, phone calls, visits- should happen within the first week in which the gift is received xlii. Donor Recognition 48. How do your donors wanted to be recognized for their giving? 49.Mention in the newsletter, announcement at events, naming a space, donor plaques, press release, 50. This is the public forum for thanking a donor for their gift but need to ask for donor permission to do so. 51. For Participatory Fundraising- announcing and rewarding the top fundraisers publicly 52. Honor Rolls- announcement of donors to the organization printed publicly and thanking the donors through this forum. 53. Donor Walls/Donor Plaques- having a space in the center where donor names are listed for the public and your beneficiaries to see 54.Donor Recognition Events, awards, mementos, and volunteer opportunities-these not only are fun for the donors, but also help to strengthen your relationship with your donors and also show them that they are important to you. Can be big events with all of your donors or intimate lunches with the Director and/or some of your beneficiaries. xliii. Reporting (also referred to as stewardship) 55. Telling the donor the impact they are making on the mission of your organization or the specific projects they have given to. Why their giving has made a difference. 56.Two different ways of reporting: qualitative (storytelling confirming the usage of funds) and quantitative (shows the carrying out of spending funds properly) V. Public Relations (or PR) p. Everything your organization does to get public/press coverage of what your work q. Why is it important? xliv. Gets the word out and communicates your message xlv. Builds your audience xlvi. Builds your credibility and reputation within your community, with your beneficiaries, and your donors, thus helping to foster stronger relationships xlvii.Shows the results and successes of your work xlviii. Good time to use your elevator pitch r. Examples of PR xlix. Printed materials 57. Newsletters 58. Press Releases (work with your local media) 59. Brochures 60. Announcements about projects including donor/supporters names 61. Can be a two way street with your supporters (donors and volunteers) l. Television 62. Use for advertising about prog rams/projects or upcoming events 63. Can also be used for purposes of interviewing about your organization li. Online 64. Website 65. Facebook 66.Email blasts 67. Online newsletters/news stories lii. Special Events 68. Lectures or talks with experts, beneficiaries or having one of your donors to come in and speak 69. Volunteer Day s. Why is PR important for fundraising? liii. Can increase the money and resources coming in liv. New prospects find you 70. People learn about your work 71. If really good coverage- prospects come to you to learn more, volunteer, and possibly even invest in your work lv. Raising General Awareness 72. Remember to refer to yourself as a public benefit organization 73.Raising awareness in your immediate community about the work which is being done around them and the need to help accomplish those goals 74. Helps people remember your name and your mission lvi. â€Å"Social Proof† 75. Again building on your credibility- coverage shows that what you are doing is important and a leader in your community 76. Can also bring your public relations materials during donor meetings to further engage donors. VI. Let’s create a campaign! t. Make a plan lvii. What are we raising money for? lviii. Why are we raising money for this? lix. How much money do we need? lx.When do we need the money? 77. How are we going to raise the money? lxi. Who is going to be on the committee? lxii. What kind of advertising are we going to do for the campaign? lxiii. What kind of materials/resources do we need for the campaign? lxiv. How are we going to engage and thank our donors? u. What are we raising money for? lxv. Pick one project/event you would like to do with your organization 78. Birthday parties for kids with disabilities 79. Gifts/events for the chronically ill v. How much money do we need? lxvi. Create an overall budget which not only includes money but also resources lxvii.Can also create a useful tool to provide for your donors 80. Show them what their money will do: If you donate XX, we can include 5 more adults in our trainings for example. w. When do we need the money? 81. Create a timeline of not only the deadline, but all things which need to be done between now and the deadline as well as who is going to do those things x. How are we going to raise the money? lxviii. Participatory Fundraising (Get the crowd involved in your campaign, have to be very careful with planning to make sure the investment you make in these events is worth the return) 82.Athons- Walk-a-thons, Dance-a-thons, Read-a-thons k. a type of community or school fundraiser in which participants raise money by collecting donations or pledges for walking a predetermined distance or course, dancing for a predetermined amount of time, or read a certain amount of books within a predetermined time frame. 83. Spare Change boxes in the church 84. Raffles l. Sell raffle tickets for a particular item or a 50/50 raffle 85. Auctions m. People bid on certain i tems which have been donated for the cause. 86.Game competitions or carnival (Lemon ball) Each guest pays 1,000 dram for a lemon and closest lemon the bottle wins it. 87. Futbol tournament n. Have each team pay a certain amount to be a part of the tournament which will be donated to the organization. lxix. Individual Donors 88. Create a list of people/companies/organizations which may be interested in giving to this campaign lxx. Online Giving 89. Firstgiving. com y. Who is going to be involved in the committee? lxxi. Who needs to be included in all of the decisions made? Who is going to be in charge of which part of the campaign? . What kind of advertising are we going to do for the campaign? lxxii. Objective and Goals of the campaign lxxiii. Choose a campaign title 90. Race for the Cure (Run Breast Cancer out of Town) 91. Relay for Life (American Cancer Society) lxxiv. Create an â€Å"About the campaign† lxxv. How are we engaging the press? lxxvi. How are we updating our ow n online/print presence? {. What materials/ resources are we going to need? lxxvii. For example: how many people/volunteers are needed and for what amount of time lxxviii. Do you need prizes/awards xxix. Do you need space to put on the event lxxx. Need to think about things that may happen (for example, if it rains during the futbol tournament, what other arrangements need to be made? ) |. How are we going to engage and thank our donors? lxxxi. If participatory fundraising: need prizes/ awards for top fundraisers, guidelines, and thank yous lxxxii. Thank you letters, personalized, emails, phone calls, meetings lxxxiii. Online giving- should have thank you letters sent and update after the project is successful Fundraising P

Drinking age Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Drinking age - Essay Example Using the research conducted in 2005 by White and Hayman via ‘Australian Secondary School Students and Drug Use Survey’, reports show that approximately 40% out of samples from the 16-17 year-old drinking Australian population confessed that parents bear chief influence in alcoholic consumption. Additionally, such findings had no substantial variance from among those who obtained influence from friends through the peer pressure of drinking on a weekly basis. Still the question remains what age must one be legally allowed to drink and to what extent should it be tolerated relative to other forms of addiction. White and Hayman (2006) examined whether parental control of drinking may be attributed to the occurrence of risky drinking for short-term harm (RSOD) and alcohol-related difficult behaviors such as physical and verbal assault from a sample of underage drinkers. Research indicates that 86% of adolescents 16-17 years of age are existing alcohol consumers whereas some 20% appear to be weekly RSOD and more than 34% get involved in at least one case of alcohol-linked problem with conduct. Moreover, it is found that mere banning of alcohol drinking for the sake of youth 18 is not practically sufficient. Fresh plans for appropriate mediation and avoidance are apparently essential according to the study of parental supplication that was figured to impact lesser rates of RSOD and alcohol-related social behavior. This rather implies the likelihood that by changing the normal supply of alcohol from the source other than the parents to the parents alone, the shift may bring about good restrict ion to the amount of consumption and injury among the adolescents. However, as much as parental guidance toward alcohol supply control is considered one positive approach, it is quite unexplored and must therefore undergo thorough investigation as promising alternative (Dietze, Livingston,

Phylogeny Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Phylogeny - Research Paper Example According to recent studies involving molecular analysis of 18S rRNA/DNA, paraphyly was evident in Porifera. It showed that Calcarea (calcareous sponges) appear to have closer affinities to other metazoans than fellow poriferans the siliceous sponges (both Hexactinellida and Demospongiae) which inevitably showed a great amount of radiation between these two groups (Adams, McInerney and Kelly 34). These new findings actually go a long way in supporting earlier calls for the subdivision of the phylum into two. More empirical data on molecular analysis in particular of 18S rRNA/DNA was provided which showed that there is a stronger affinity between calcareans and ctenophorans than that which is between calcareans and other poriferans. Poriferans (sponges) have always been regarded as the basal living metazoans that are monophyletic as far as phylogenetic studies are concerned. The various relationships of organisms at the metazoan tree base remain largely unknown despite the fact that n ew trends of triploblast systematics are emerging which provides a clear picture of the lineage. According to previously done classifications, these basal metazoan organism have been put in different relationships using several markers except one relationship; monophyly. Earlier analyses of the basal metazoans (sponges, placozoans, cnidarians and ctenophores) have almost unanimously agreed that cnidarians and ctenophores have more close ties or relations with triploblasts than they have with the sponges (poriferans) (Hooper and Willenz 11). In traditional phylogenetic schemes the ACANTHOCEPHALA, ENTOPROCTA, GASTROTRICHA, GNATHOSTOMULIDA, KINORHYNCHA, NEMATODA, NEMATOMORPHA, PRIAPULIDA and ROTIFERA were grouped together as aschelminths or pseudocoelomates. Discuss why we no longer support a taxon of ASCHELMINTHES and discuss how those phyla are now grouped. Aschelminthes was used to refer to assemblage of polyphyletic meiofaunal sized animals which included several phyla. However the legitimacy of Aschelminthes as a taxon was questioned on the basis of lack of morphological as well as molecular evidence. Currently, these organisms have been declassified into separate phyla. It is sometimes useful to use the term Aschelminthes to refer to all previously organisms that were classified under it. On top of this, it has not been agreed upon whether the formerly known organisms in this group make up a monophyletic group. To complicate matters further, it has not been decided on which phyla to place the Aschelminthes. According to recent morphological studies, the Aschelminthes was described as possibly having two clades (Aguinaldo 490). The two clades are gnathiferans that are hypothesized to contain a newly formed taxon Micrognathozoa while the other clade is Introverta. The second clade of Introverta is thought to be a possible link between Scalidophora and Nematoida. There is a possible remote relation between the introvertans and the panarthropods but for the gna thiferan clade, it has not yet been established if it falls within the bilateral organisms for certainty. Both gastrotrichs and chaetognaths phylogenetic placements are equally unsettled owing to unsettled issues in phylogenetic analyses. There has been a relation between Gastrotrichs and Nematoida, gnathiferans and introvertans. However, more close affinity between Gastrotrichs and introvertans than the others has been recognized and led to the formation of a clade called Nemathelminthes or

Media Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Media Technology - Essay Example The truck can be designed around the Panasonic MX-70 8-input SDI production switcher because of its powerful features and small form factor. It has a 8'x10' control room, space is a primary consideration. To accommodate monitoring all switcher inputs and on air elements Miranda Kaliedo Alto screen splitter feeding a Panasonic 50" Professional Series HD Plasma Display can be selected. Because of limited production schedules and some very expedited editorial needs, the system design includes an Apple X-Serve Raid, disk array supplying real time SDI video in and out of the switcher.At the front end of this Apple system, are three Final Cut Pro HD workstations for all the pre and post editorial, networked with Apple X-Serve and Xsan policing file management. This SAN configuration allows all the workstations to share files in real-time and drive SDI video to the switcher live and back to the X-Serve Raid. For b-rolls and live to tape two Panasonic AJ-SD93 DVCPRO 50 VTR's are selected.In addition, the truck is outfitted with a Sony J30-SDI so Amp'd can roll-in betacam formats as well. Because of the nature of the live events Amp'd shoots, a Doremi two-channel, SDI, MPEG 2, 4:2:2, 3-hour video server, was installed for instant playback and record with slow-mo. The audio of for Amp'd #1 starts from the embedded SDI external source, de-embedded and then is routed throughout the truck in analog pairs. A Mackie 1604-VLZ Pro, 16-channel analog mixer then handles the final mix. The Genelec 8020a's near field audio monitors handle program audio. Because this truck is also equipped with a talent voiceover booth and often takes external camera feeds, a Clear-Com MS-232, 2-channel communications system is installed as a master user station with number of Clear-Com RM220 fixed user stations and Clear Com RS-602 belt pack stations. For live talent a Clear-Com AB-100 Announcer console is used with a Sennheiser HMD-25-1 Headset for IFB (Interrupt Feedback). The truck and chasis ar e designed by Renegade. With a full motor home front configuration for support on location and plenty of power from its on-board 50 amp generator.1 2) Bock shemantics The video system consists of the following: - High Data Rate Digital ENG System - Single or Multiple Video/Audio - Optional DVB-ASI or SDI Inputs/Outputs - Video Encoding 4:2:2 and 4:2:0 - Video Low Delay Mode - Occupies - Occupies - ATSC VSB Modulation with Superior FEC - Robust Adaptive Equalization - Switchable Bandwidths 12, 17 and 25 MHz for Flexible Operation between 2, 7 and 13 GHz - Ideal for Multiple DMA Area Operation - Operates with any ENG Digital Radio - Small, Compact and Low Cost. Advantages of the VSB Modem: - High Data Rates over 12 MHz BW - Data Rates to 80 Mbps - Multiple Video Channels over a Single ENG Microwave Link - Ideal for Component HDTV - Low Cost and Small Size - Resilient to Multi-Path Block Diagram of the Three Video ENG System The audio system would consist of the following: As technologies continue to advance, audio is no exception. Surround sound, audio effects, descriptive video, and multiple languages or maybe combinations of these are required, thereby increasing the number audio channels. In the analogue days, each audio signal required a balanced pair of wires and an XLR connector. This is no longer practical for multiple audio channels, and at least with AES/EBU digital audio, we can accommodate stereo on one coax cable. (Even in Europe, where engineers traditionally use balanced digital audio, most outside broadcast facilities are adopting coax cables for unbalanced AES audio). Surround sound comes in different flavors, the most popular being 5.1. This means Left, Center, Right, Left Back,

Psychology (left-brain activity) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Psychology (left-brain activity) - Essay Example It is the seat of visual and spatial processing. The right brain controls driving in traffic. On the right, processing is rapid and non-linear. The right brain looks at the big picture and deals with complexity, ambiguity, and paradox. It is intuitive and the crucible of creativity (Pitek, 1998). For example, if you are right-brain dominant, it is your emotional right hemisphere that guides the decisions you make throughout the day. If you are left-brain dominant, it is your sequential, time-oriented left hemisphere which tells you how to think, what to believe, and what choices to make (Connell 2002). Nearly 80% of people have a more developed left brain because the left is better at handling language and logical thinking. In many life situations, the left brain takes over, assembling a logical train of thought (Lee, 1999). Other factors are also detrimental to right brain development. Education has a big prejudice against the right brain with its emphasis on mathematics, language, logic and analysis, and its tendency to ignore the arts, music and creativity. In traditional methods, teaching uses charts, logic, and mathematical formulae. Multiple choice, true/ false are much easier to grade and quantify (Pitek, 1998). There are parental pressures to become doctors and lawyers and scientists rather than poets and artists. And there is the world itself, which requires us to do more left-brain thinking than right. Under these circumstances, our left brains become more and more developed while our right brains shrink, metaphorically speaking, from under-use (Lee, 1999). In this age of education by test-taking, all our instructional efforts seem to help students master left-brain skills because that's what the tests measure. But to what extent should we also be helping kids develop a sense of design, storytelling abilities, feelings for others, humor, and the ability to detect the importance of the information they learnThe right brain thinks in wholes, so the student will understand math concepts but struggle with math facts or double-checking answers. Right brain children will use 'gut feeling' instead of pulling in multiple facts before arriving at a decision. They may prefer essay tests where they can present the whole picture (Craft, n.d.). Eighty percent of struggling learners are right brained. Schools and schoolwork are set up to teach in left brain style. Workbooks, worksheets, rote memorization, timed tests, lectures, learning facts from a test, learning vocabulary by looking up meanings words in a dictionary and writing them out, these are all left-brain activities. A right brain child will have difficulty with them (Craft, n.d.). Right-brain students might shuffle through papers and have trouble finding correct pages. They might daydream in class. Might dramatize a point instead of backing it with statistics. Homework and desktop might be messy. Some believe that the common syndrome, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) may result from cross-brain problems. Affected children are usually right-brain

Reading Log 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Reading Log 1 - Essay Example The child was raised in the family of her mother. The baby was taken home from the hospital to be cared for by her grandfather and aunts. No significant signs of abuse of the baby. However, the adult woman can vividly recall, in great detail the suffering and abuse that she suffered at the hands of the eldest sister of her mother who was assigned by the family to become the child's care taker. Sylvia recalls significant events of abuse that left her with a significant trauma both physically and emotionally. She has trust issues and finds it difficult to make friends as her aunt had raised her in a highly private and secretive atmosphere. No playmates or play dates were allowed. The child in essence was turned into a little adult who was oftentimes beaten up for acting like the child that she was either in public or private. Part of the abuse included locking her in the closet when she failed to clean up her room, dragging her out of the family home with her clothes being thrown out a s well once she failed to produce a passing mark in her school subjects, and threatening to kill the child when the child tried to fight off the physical abuse or tell other people about what was happening to her. Sylvia has carried this secret with her for the past 39 years and she has tried to overcome the nightmares of the trauma and abuse that she suffered by trying to lead a normal life. ... Sylvia due to the fact that she was but a helpless child when she was thrust into the abusive situation had no idea that she was in a destructive relationship with her caretaker. She thought of the physical abuse as part of the learning process of life. That she had to be hurt in order to learn how to do things properly. She equated the beatings with what she was told was her learning disability. That she was not capable of doing anything right the first time because she was a woman and therefore took longer to learn how to do things. This was a point of view that she carried with her for most of her life, up until the death of her abuser almost 10 years ago. Just like any abuser, her aunt relied on the fact that no adult would believe the stories that a 6 year old child would tell them about the beating that she was undergoing on a daily basis. She took pride in the fact that she could verbally threaten the child into keeping her secret in the guise of giving the child a life threat ening beating should the child attempt to tell anyone of the abuse. She preyed on the isolation of the child by threatening to throw her out of the house when the child felt like standing up for herself during certain physical abuse situations. It was only later on that Sylvia found out that her aunt was also the product of a physically abusive household. The aunt, who shall be hidden behind the name of Genie was raised as a helper in the household of her grandmother during World War 2. Her grandmother was also physically abusive and treated her grand daughter no better than she treated the maids. Genie was caught in a cycle of abuse and became an adult abuser because, from what I gleaned from the history of the family, she never managed to exact a type of

Inventory Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Inventory Paper - Essay Example The modern context, nonetheless, opposes the form of influence that entails coercion. Instead, effective leaders seek to build relationships with their followers. In fact, just like Blake with his TOMS idea for providing shoes to the children in Argentina, modern day leaders need to put the interest of their followers before theirs. They then forge a win-win situation for both parties. Despite all leadership not being equal, such successful leaders exude unique leadership styles that identify them and seek to lead by example, having developed their inner selves first before instilling the same in their followers. This activity has been useful in appreciating my leadership style. I am democratic and would always seek to have the will of the people prevail. Perhaps, this style is supported by the activity’s acknowledgement of the need for selflessness for success as a leader. In most cases, I seek to lead by example, always doing what I would expect my followers to do. This has made me to cause people to take up tasks they never imagined they would undertake. I am not coercive. This could be a failure on my part because as learnt from the activity, some coercion could help a leader realize the set objectives. However, care should be taken to ensure that a balance between coercion and free will by followers is reached. By being democratic, I have had the undesirable will of the people carry the day. There was this one day when I was charged with the finances for our sports cheering team that accompanied players to a tournament. I proposed that we share the allowances at the end of the tournament. The cheerers wanted it before and I did as they wished. By the time the games started, they had spent all the money and some were even hungry already. They failed to cheer our team well, perhaps the reason we were beaten. Thus, I do not support the postulate from this activity that a successful leader should be defined by a specific style. Instead, a leader should

Principles of Marketing Bachelor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Principles of Marketing Bachelor - Essay Example (Porter, 1985) This can be defined as what must be sacrificed or given up by one party in an exchange inorder to obtain another item from the other party. Price means a variety of things to a number of people. The first view is the consumers view. He does not just consider price in monetary terms i.e. what he must pay to get a good or service, but he also considers the time he has to spend to fully utilise the product. This implies that all the trouble he has to undergo before he can derive utility from the product is considered as a price. While the seller considers price in a positive sense in that it is a reflection of the amount of revenue he is getting. It is also seen as a prerequisite to profit. It is also an important marketing aid for organisations. This is because marketers can use their prices as a tool to advertise or promote their wares. There are a number of factors that need to be considered by the marketer when making pricing decisions. This is because it is not just the final consumer who will make contact with his product. Taking an example of a book sold online - the publisher must consider wholesalers, retailers and even resellers because these groups of people will substantially affect his final income. (Hunger, 2003) The main idea behind any price decision is to strike a balance between satisfying the customer's needs while at the same time making profit for the organisation. It should be remembered that price is proportional to innovation. This is because creativity adds value and thus allows the company to raise its price. Besides this fact, a marketer should also incorporate a company's objectives - what does the company want to gain from sale of a product or service. Allowances and discounts need to be integrated too be cause they cause a substantial decrease in sale of the product. If a product is new to the market, it must have a lower price to lure consumers. This is what is called tactful introductory pricing. In addition, a marketer needs to consider geographical factors when setting his price. The product may have to travel long distances from its place of manufacture. Lastly, prices should be flexible at all times. It must reflect both internal and external market forces and these are very dynamic factors. Place -distribution channels Distribution channels include all the people between the consumer and the supplier that are involved in the exchange of services or products. The activities integrated in distribution range from storage, ordering, shipping, promotion, displaying, feedback and selling. In this channelling process there are usually two broad categories i.e. firms specialised in channels and resellers. Resellers are those groups that take over ownership of products from the marketer and sell these to others. Resellers may come in form of a network or may simply be on their own. Examples of resellers include retailers, wholesalers and industrial distributors. Speciality firms provide help with the sale of an item but do not necessarily buy the item. Some of them may be brokers or agents who bring sellers and buyers in concert after a certain charge. Other speciality firms are distribution service firms who help in storage, transportation or other activities that involve

Henry VIIIs Foreign Policy 1509-1524 Essay Example for Free

Henry VIIIs Foreign Policy 1509-1524 Essay How far do Sources 1, 2 and 3 suggest that Henry VIIIs Foreign Policy in the years 1509-1524 followed consistent aims? Source 1 agrees that Henrys did follow consistent aims and Henry VIII had one goal target in his foreign policy whilst sources 2 and 3 especially, argues that Henry but could not agree one goal to pursue involving foreign policy. Source 1 in particular claims that Henry poured much dedication and time into ensuring that England went to war against France. The king writes letters to the pope, the emperor and the Venetians declaring his steadfast intention and strong provision to wage war against France suggesting that Henry VIIIs main goal was to attack France as he repeats his exact intentions to three separate individuals. This is reiterated in source 2 as Henry VIII is described to be accompanied by 500 horsemen and 3000 foot soldiers during the Field of Cloth of Gold showing aggression and building tension between the two rivals suggesting that King Henry was keen in causing tension so that it will lead to waging a war against France. We can see King Henry strongly suggesting that he consistently wanted to defeat the French as he writes to the Venetians to try and disband the newly formed league between Venetia and France. As the Milanese ambassador is writing at the time these letters had been sent he carries alot of weight with Source 1 as it clearly states the purpose of the letters and they lead to one clear goal which is to invade France. Source 3 shows Cromwell trying to persuade Henry to go against his plans to take over France but to redirect his attentions to Scotland. Cromwell suggesting that Henry converts first and chief his whole intent and purpose suggests that Henry was so determine to wage war against France he did not think about other issues to do with his Foreign Policy and Cromwell needed to remind him of budding problems. However Source 3 also suggests that Henry was lenient in his decisions about foreign policies as, even though Cromwell at this time is trying to work his way into the inner council and was desperate to gain the attentions of the King, felt the King was not so desperate in going against France that he was able to suggest the King redirects his attention to Scotland whilst still pleasing the King and trying to achieve honour. Source 2 also suggests that the King was not so rivalled with France as a contemporary account shows that Henry pitched his marquee near where the French king had been staying, although this could be seen as showing off and is multifaceted it can also be seen as Henry trying to break down the existing barriers to focus on the celebration of the Field of the Cloth of Gold. Overall, there is enough agreement in all three sources to suggest that Henry VIIIs foreign policy in the years 1509-1524 followed consistent aims. This is a view most strongly and optimistically supported by source 1, slightly confirmed by the accounts described in source 2 but largely denied by source 3.

Scientific Method and Participant Observation Essay Example for Free

Scientific Method and Participant Observation Essay In the article, â€Å"Researching Dealers and Smugglers,† Patricia Adler discusses her and her husband’s experience using participant observation to collect data from drug dealers and the problems this qualitative method brought. A qualitative method focuses on collecting rich, non-statistical data. This method involves face-to-face interviews and actual participation with the group being researched. The Adlers use this method because it is almost impossible to gather accurate information on people who smuggle drugs. This is true because they are such private and deceitful people. The only way to get the real facts is if the smugglers trust the person. Unfortunately, participant observation brought problems such as the dealers and smugglers being under the influence or going through withdrawal during the interviews and the Adlers mixing their overt and covert roles. The Adlers chose participant observation because they found that using this method allowed them to acquire the most in-depth and rich data than any other method. If criminals like dealers and smugglers were given a survey, it would not work out because they are not just going to tell the truth and risk getting caught by the police. They are specific with who they give information to, so the Adlers had to show them that they could be trusted. They could not have done that with without using participant observation. Although there were many aspects about the Adlers that made them and the research method they used convenient, there were also some risks they had to take. While doing research, the Adlers encountered some problems using this method, one of which was interviewing the dealers and smugglers while they were under the influence of either marijuana or cocaine. In addition, the participants were sometimes withdrawal symptoms, so they were not able to interview properly. Patricia mentions how marijuana and cocaine had different effects on the interviewees. She states, â€Å"marijuana was unproductive for a number of reasons†¦ Often people became confused, sleepy, or involved in eating to varying degrees. ’ On the other hand, cocaine assisted the research procedure by making the dealers feel more comfortable. Cocaine also helped the dealers open up easily. During the interviews, some dealers experienced withdrawal symptoms. It caused them to become malicious with each other or towards the Alders without any warning. The way the Alders solved this problem was by taking precautions when interacting with the dealers. The cocaine use was not a problem for the Adlers, but they most likely dealt with the marijuana issue quite easily since Patricia does not specifically explain how it was solved. In addition, there was another problem the Adlers encountered. The Adlers also found that mixing the overt and covert roles with the members of the group throughout the investigation was another issue. Since the Adlers had different level relationships with every individual, some of the dealers were aware that they were a part of a research project while others were not aware. This sometimes confused the Adlers. Patricia states, â€Å"They [the informants] would made occasional veiled references in front of people, especially when loosened by intoxicants, that made us extremely uncomfortable. † This issue made the couple uncomfortable because they did not want to blow their cover. Patricia and Peter Adler also feared that the participants would think they are police. Peter and Patricia Adler solved this issue by take the necessary safety measures so anyone they did not want to find out. The Adlers encountered various problems while utilizing this qualitative method. They had troubles such as mixing their covert and overt roles and dealing with some of the smugglers and dealers being intoxicated. Therefore this investigation became very risky, but Patricia and her husband finalized by collecting all the data needed. The Adlers also resolved their problems in a cautious way utilizing patience, precaution, and rational and clever thinking. The couple definitely learned a lot throughout the experiment and got more than they anticipated going through it.

Basic Operational Features Of Grameen Bank Economics Essay

Basic Operational Features Of Grameen Bank Economics Essay I will like to focus my report on Grameen bank in Bangladesh. The patriarch culture in Bangladesh where women are treated as inferior to men restricts them from seeking wage employment. Their only source of income is self employment and they face difficulty in accessing individual lending programs. The labour force has been growing by 2.4% a year, while the agricultural, industrial and service sector can only accommodate 1.7% annual growth of the labour force. The agricultural sector which provides 78% of employment is saturated and limited due to technical constraints. The modern urban sector is too small to absorb additional labour, increasing productivity and income through self employment in the informal sector and improving human capital are the only viable ways to alleviate poverty and promote economic growth (World Bank 1997). The poverty in Bangladesh is mainly as a result of landlessness, high unemployment, low literacy and high population growth. The main determinants of so cial class in the rural areas are land ownership and command of financial resources. The Grameen bank was formally established in 1983 by Dr Muhammad Yunus, a professor in economics at the Chittagong University in Bangladesh, who instead of teaching economics decided to do something practical about it. Based on the philosophy that everyone has the right to credit, but the poor are excluded from conventional banking system. 2 BASIC OPERATIONAL FEATURES OF THE GRAMEEN BANK Lending is mainly directed towards rural poor women (97% of membership are women) with a maximum landholding of half an acre of land because the average farm size in Bangladesh is 2.4 acres (1984 figures) or non land owners. Only one member is allowed per household. These women are grouped into cells of five and they take collective responsibility for each others loan (no joint liability). This helps to substitute physical collateral with social collateral as it eliminates information asymmetry. These groups are separated according to gender, 5 to 8 groups come together to form a centre known as Kendros (between 25 to 40 women) organised by the banks staff. Weekly meetings are held at these centres where members of each groups attend to pay their weekly loan instalments, learn, practice, and discuss the rules of the program and other group activities. Members are required to save TK1 to TK2 per week (to create financial discipline). It is only of recent that the bank increased its weekly savings to TK5. A new member must have successfully saved for two consecutive weeks before qualifying for a loan and a deposit of 5% of the loan amount into a group fund (i.e. group tax). It offers interest rates for deposits between 8% and 12% and does not allow members to withdraw their savings from the group fund. However, members can borrow from at no interest from the group fund provided that all the other members of the group approve of the amount and its usage and that the loan does not exceed half of the funds total. If a borrower has been a member for 10 years, the bank will transfer total savings with interest to the savings account and the member can withdraw at will. One can argue that the lack of easy access to savings can be viewed as a short term additional fee for being a member and cannot be classified as a financial service but a down payment on a loan and a screening device. At the end of October 2009, total deposits in Grameen bank stood at TK74.55 million (US$ 1079.47 million). Deposits from its members constituted 54% of the banks total deposits. Balance of member deposits has increased at a monthly average rate of 2.29% during the last 12 months. The poor people in Bangladesh save between 2% and 12% of their annual income mainly to acquire land followed by providing family securities against unforeseen circumstances. Childrens education and their marriage and purchase of agricultural inputs are other factors. Collateral is not required to obtain a loan from the bank and the loan is repayable over 50 weeks instalment. Interest is payable at the end of the loan cycle. 20% interest for income generating loan, 8% for housing loans, 5% for student loans and 0% (interest free) for struggling members (beggars). If the loan is repaid on time, the borrower will be charged a 10% flat rate instead of 20% for an income generating loan at the end of the loan cycle. The interest charged is low compared to other government managed micro credit programs charging a fixed interest of 11% at flat rate which amounts to 22% on declining basis. The bank realised from the activities of BRAC that provisions of credit to the poor is not sufficient to alleviate poverty. In addition to credit provision, it also trains its borrowers to improve their skills and provision of other organizational inputs. All credit transactions are transparent and are openly conducted at the centre meetings. The virtue of this openness is to mitigate vested interest and constellations of power as well as deterring individuals from taking anti group actions. This peer monitoring mechanism works both within the group and at the centre, eliminating the danger of group collusion when the groups are self elected. 3 INNOVATIONS IN SERVICE DELIVERY The focus of microfinance agenda is now increasingly client or market driven as a result of the industrys focus on competition and dropouts. Competition, together with MFIs policies of encouraging clients to take larger loans each cycle has tempted some clients to take out multiple loans, far more than it exceeds their repayment capacity and they end up defaulting. The defaults were attributed to the fact that the poor do not always want to neither borrow nor automatically increase their loan size and the failure of MFIs to interact and keep contact with their clients in order to provide innovative products. Loans borrowed for microenterprise development, are mostly used to meet a multiple needs i.e. the fungibility of credit (Sebstad and Cohen, 2001) and this clearly shows the industry was not in tune with its clients. Borrowers demonstrated the imperfect nature of the products by withdrawing from the program. The high rate of drop out raised the operational cost for MFIs. Competiti on and client dissatisfaction was putting pressure on institutions to be innovative in their service delivery. Citing from the words of Hulme and Mosley (1997), they noted that the designers of the financial services for poor people need to acknowledge that the poor is not a homogenous group with broadly similar needs and the one size fits all approach will not work. However, recognising the heterogeneity of the poor clearly complicates matters for scheme designers. Homogeneity may be good for keeping the delivery cost low, but is it not necessarily good for institutional sustainability if dropout rates were kept low. Adopting the client-product nexus approach and improving the institutional-client linkages through the management information system to gather information from bottom up will help to broaden and deepen the outreach, and recognizing the financial landscape of clients for better evaluation of clients debt burden will aid better assessment of loan repayment capability of clients in order to reduce drop out rates. The bank has to some extent recognized the importance of product diversification to its clients as its financial structure and product diversification were subjected to questioning when the bank almost collapsed during the 1998 flood in Bangladesh. It decided to take up a huge rehabilitation programme by giving new loans start new income generating activities and to repair or rebuild their houses. Borrowers started to feel the pressure of accumulated loans as the new instalments sizes exceeded their capacity to repay. Another major factor unknown to donor agencies was that prior to the flood, some branch managers at the bank were giving out loans to customers who had defaulted on weekly repayments so the new loans could be used to make payments. This resulted to accumulated debts by the customers and the balance sheet statements did not reflect the true financial position of the bank. This led to the development of the Grameen Generalised System (GGS) commonly referred to as Grameen II. Under this new scheme, many rules that existed under the Grameen Classic System (GCS) were abolished or transformed. The major innovations under the Grameen Generalised System (GGS) are explained below. 3.1 Basic Loan The basic loan was introduced to provide for other unforeseen circumstances the borrower might face along the loan cycle. It provided an exit option for the borrowers. This is referred to as a flexi loan which provides an alternative route to any borrower who needs it without making her feel guilty about failing to fulfil the requirement of the basic loan. The basic loan is normally referred to as the Grameen Microcredit Highway. The logic behind the basic loan is that if a borrower keeps up with repayments (stays on the highway) throughout the loan cycle, she can borrow a larger sum (change gear and accelerate faster) on the next loan cycle and she knows ahead of time how much enhancement in loan size is coming, and can plan her activities accordingly. But if the borrower should experience some difficulties (such as natural disaster, sickness etc) during the loan cycle, she can renegotiate the loan (first detour) by reducing the instalment size that she can afford to pay by extendin g the loan period. The essence is to help the borrower overcome the problem in order to get back to the basic loan. Even if the borrower defaults further (second detour), the flexi loan will be renegotiated to another flexi loan until the borrower can comfortably keep up with the instalment payment. This flexibility was absent under the Grameen Classic System. It is important to note that once a borrower renegotiates to a flexi loan, she will loose the loan ceiling she must have accumulated over the years and can only re-enter the basic loan scheme with a loan size equivalent to a new entrant and as long as shes on the flexi loan, the borrower can only borrow the same amount for every loan cycle. Fig. 3.1: The interlink between basic loan and flexi loan Source: http://www.grameen-info.org 3.2 Custom-made Credit Service The GGS has created a methodology which can provide custom-made credit to a poor borrower. It allows a staff to be creative. He can design his loan product to make it a best fit for his client in terms of duration with the flexibility of variation from any number of months and years, timing of the loan and the size of weekly instalments can be varied. A borrower can pay more weekly when the business is doing well, and pay less during difficult times. In an extreme case, each instalment can be of different size. In the other extreme, all instalments can be exactly equal, like in GCS. 3.3 Group Fund Replaced Every new member is obliged to save 5% of the total loan amount into the obligatory savings account formally known as group tax. But now, half of the 5% is deposited into a personal savings account and the remaining half goes to a special savings account. A borrower can withdraw any amount from her personal savings account any time she desires. There is no restriction on her withdrawal. Weekly saving still continues and it goes to personal savings account. Special savings account is non withdrawable for the first three years. Then withdrawal is allowed generally once in three years keeping a minimum balance of TK2000 or half the amount in the account, whichever is larger. Under special circumstances the entire amount in the special savings account can be withdrawn. Some money from this account will be used to buy shares of the Bank. 3.4 Pension fund-Leading to Financial Self-Reliance Grameen Bank requires all borrowers with loans above TK8, 000 (US$ 138) to contribute a minimum of TK50 (US$0.86) each month in a pension deposit account. After ten years a borrower will receive a guaranteed amount which is almost double the amount she has put in for 120 months. The pension fund generates about TK 100 million ($1.75 million) per month. I find this very interesting because households in Bangladesh are large in size and it is customary for several generations to live together within a household. In such households, there is no need for retirement saving, and it can internalize many of the insurance activities that would require saving. For example members of the household can insure against health risk and old age. But this has not been the case with Grameen Bank because the benefit of the insurance package is appealing to its members and the pension pot also serves as a means of financial stability for the bank. 3.5 Other Savings The bank accepts deposits from non borrowers as well by incorporating a number of savings products into the system. Total amount of deposits account for 67% of the total outstanding loans of Grameen Bank in July, 2002, after paying back TK3.3 million (US $ 60 million) of its loans to the central bank, local commercial banks and foreign lenders, fell due the same period. 3.6 Loan Loss Provisioning and Write-off Policy If a borrower fails to pay her instalment for ten consecutive weeks or if she fails to repay the total amount she is required to pay within a six month period and she does not move into flexible loan, she becomes a defaulter. If she becomes a defaulter, 100 per cent provisioning must be made for the unpaid principal and interest. Exactly one year later, the amount must be written off. Writing off will be done on a monthly basis, rather than at a time of annual account closing. If a borrower is on flexible loan, generally the same policy will hold. Fifty percent provision must be made for the total balance amount of flexible loan and accrued interest on the annual closing date, even if the payment rate of flexible loan is 100% of the whole bank Fig. 3.2: Provisioning policy in Grameen Bank II Source: http://www.grameen-info.org 3.7 Loan Insurance Once a year, on the last day of the year, the borrower is required to put in a small amount of money in a loan insurance savings account. It is calculated on the basis of the outstanding loan and interest of the borrower on that day. She deposits 2.5% of the outstanding amount. If a borrower dies any time during the year, her entire outstanding debt is paid off by the insurance fund which is created by the interest income of the loan insurance savings account. In addition, her family receives back the amount she saved in the loan insurance savings account. 4 NATURE OF TARGET GROUPS IN TERMS OF GENDER AND POVERTY The bank targets women regarded to be very poor using the size of land ownership as the measure of poverty. As previously highlighted, the banks members are either non land owners or own half an acre of land. Based on the measure of poverty, these are very poor women. Women are generally seen as moral guardians of the household and there are perceptions that women in Bangladesh have a high repayment rate (a factor necessary for the financial sustainability for a micro lender) because it allows them to retain access to village groups, whereas men have many more opportunities for social contact. Women are more vulnerable to pressure to repay. They are easy to locate, being much less able than men to leave a locality temporarily to evade field workers and they are easier to intimidate into repayment than men who can always threaten violence. Women had limited access to credit and the banks model tries to address this limitation in order to strengthen womens social and economic worth. Ac cess to credit will empower women by improving their bargaining position, both within and outside the family. It provides a visible foundation of economic and social gain and a process that mainstreams their participation at institutional and policy levels. To successfully empower women, MFIs must provide services that will lead to economic gains for women and should also enhance their role in economic decision making. Grameen Bank has been able to empower women through the provision of basic loans with an option of switching to a flexi loan if the borrower defaults on repayment. The bank also provides other services such as education loan, housing loan and at the same time encouraging its members to save by deducting 5% of the total loan amount before disbursement. Grameen Bank also offers life insurance product for its customers to manage life risks. Empowerment must lead to greater leveraging and networking among women in the community. Grameen bank groups its members into cells. Each cell consists of five members and a total of 5-6 cells meet once a week at a centre referred to as kendros to make their weekly loan instalment payment, discuss with each other on new business ideas, help each other in their book keeping of accounts etc. These centres help women to create a sort of social network. MFIs must also provide a gender sensitive and proactive institutional framework for women where women are providing financial services to women. This will create opportunity for role modelling at all levels of the institution and also caters for the specific needs of women in microfinance and beyond. Unfortunately, most of the Grameen Banks staff that organise centre meetings are men. Access to credit is believed to empower women but there is a variation in the degree to which women borrowers in Bangladesh control their loans directly. A large proportion of womens loans are directly invested by their male relatives, who then channel the funds towards investment which are generally regarded as mens work. This problem can be eliminated if Grameen Bank can impose some restrictions on the type of investments the loan can be used for. R. Rahman (1986 Pg.33) discovered a diminishing loan control overtime, with the amount of loan borrowers themselves use falling from 86.6% of the total loan amount in the first year to 66% in the fifth year of membership in the Grameen bank. Womens high demand for loan and their ability to repay are normally seen as proxy indicators for empowerment. Unfortunately, the method for evaluating empowerment does not reveal patterns of loan controls within the household. In Bangladesh, field workers and women beneficiaries gave evidence of the p henomenon of women transferring control to men within their households. There is also the case where new members of a household in some villages in Bangladesh are forbidden to have contact with strangers, especially when the field worker in question is a male. This strengthens the case why Grameen bank should employ more women to manage these Kendros. Even though credit is very important, it must be provided with access to market and access to technology which extends beyond the neighbourhood and the community as identified by Montgomery, Bhattacharya and Hulme. It is true that access to credit will most likely reduce violence against women if channelled through the right path but it can at the same time exacerbate violence against women. According to the staff of Grameen Bank, some women who were unsuccessful in gaining loan access or who have to wait too long for their turn to get a loan are experiencing increases in domestic violence from frustrated husbands. In cases where loans have been managed by the husbands, there is the possibility of the husband refusing to repay, might have invested badly or abscond altogether with the money. The pressure is on the women to find repayment funds from their homestead activities. 5 WIDER IMPACTS The idea behind the wider impacts of microfinance is to account for the positive externalities on spheres (economic, social, political and cultural) beyond households at the local, regional and national level. Economic Impact: these types of impacts are mediated primarily through the intervention on markets. The establishment of MFIs have direct impact on individuals, households or enterprises which in turn has an affect on their participation in one or more markets and therefore affecting the outcomes of those markets. For example, if women have access to credit and markets just as men, they will become key players in the market. This will make the domestic market more competitive and eventually have an effect on the relative prices of all goods and services. The funding of small enterprises by microfinance institutions will help increase output growth and in turn create employment opportunities. Social Impact: social impact refers to changes in the social relations between individuals and between groups of individuals living in the society. Social sector variables are housing quality, education, health and sanitization. Grameen Bank offers the fewest support services for these variables of interest when compared with other leading MFIs in Bangladesh. Beyond the banks sixteen decisions about how members can manage their household and community and social justice which members are made to recite at the beginning of each group meetings. It has started however, to offer credit on special terms for investments in the quality of household life, like loans for tube wells, latrines and housing. Social relation may be rooted in ownership of tangible assets, such as land. Intervention of MFIs may change social relations either by introducing non land resources, which are now being owned by land-poor households. As explained by Rao (2001), microfinance interventions have been able to c hange poor peoples way of thinking about social expenses, such as celebrations that are less about showing off and more about maintaining links across families, building bonds and sustaining webs of obligations. Political Impact: this refers to changes in policy regimes and protection of civil rights. Several rural studies have pointed at the intimidating and coercive role of the state machineries, such as police and the land administration in rural society. MFIs should provide services that seek to address these issues. MFIs can achieve this objective by helping to establish local interest groups similar to that of the self help groups in India, to influence local politics, policies and resource allocation at the local level. Cultural Impact: MFIs should also provide services that will help address the adverse effects of cultural norms on women which is fuelled by institutionalized religion, or, may be inherited from predecessors. Other issues of interest are attitudes towards cleanliness, perception on the role of daughters, need for religious education for children, perceptions on husband wife relations, attitude toward cultural entertainments and participation of women in such programs etc. CONCLUSION MFIs have to some extent helped to alleviate poverty even though it is limited by some constraints and problems. It is important that MFIs must be innovative in their credit service delivery in order to completely meet the needs of the poor people. Considerable emphasis has been placed on providing service to women which tends to be widening the gap between financial services to poor women and poor men. MFIs should also include tailored services to poor men. It is also important that MFIs should in the future fit into mainstream financial sector such as listing itself in the capital market as an alternative source of funds to achieving self sufficiency and striking a balance between the welfarist and institutionalist approach to microfinance.

Essay --

Strengths: Morocco’s biggest marketing strength is their website. This web interface is very interactive with the potential tourist by using a tool called â€Å"My Ideal Trip†. This application finds a Morocco experience that is tailored towards your personal preferences. My ideal Trip walks you through step by step what you prefer doing on a vacation, so it can hone in on a variety of options within your particular vocational preferences. They probe you with questions to find out a variety of things about the potential tourist. This application first finds out what country you in, and then it discovers the reason for your potential visit to Morocco. This enables them to not only understand the location people are coming from, but also allows them to find out what type of tourist they are. This gives them the ability to better market their location to those tourists. For example, they give you statements that best fit what you are looking to get out of the vocational experience, s uch as â€Å"I want to relax, I love doing nothing†, â€Å"I want to make the most of my carefully planned stay†, as well as â€Å"I need a good hotel in order to fully enjoy my stay†. This sets the tone to which options they give the potential tourist. They continue to pepper in questions that allows them to understand what you want to get out of the experience, and ultimately lays out some different vocational options that are geared toward their preferences. Not only is the website successful due to this tool, but it has an array of other features that solidifies this website. For example, on the top of the site there are scrolling pictures that illustrate highlights for Moroccan travel. They have a picture with a link to a CNN article for the top travel destinations ... ...that hasn’t been is the cultural food. Morocco cuisine isn’t of the ‘norm’ when you go to other tourist destinations. With the food only being found in this region, it is not commoditized like Italian, Mexican and Chinese foods have been in the United States and around the world. Though experiences and services can be easily duplicated, Morocco does offer a wide variety of experiences any visitor can expect. With so many different types of experiences and services Morocco offers, there is bound to be positive and negative impacts as a result. Morocco is a tourist destination with much promise. When considering the future prospects of Morocco as a destination it is important to consider not only the positive impacts of tourism but also the negative impacts. These impacts can be broken down into the three categories: Economic, socio-cultural, and environmental.

The Individuals with Disability Education Act Policy Essay -- Politics

The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), which is a supersession of the Education of All Handicapped Children Act of 1975 is a federal law which requires states and their school districts to provide individuals with disabilities a free and appropriate education. IDEA governs how states and public agencies provide early intervention, special education and related services to more than 6.5 million eligible infants, toddlers, children and youth with disabilities. US Department Of Education (n.d.) The population that IDEA intends to effect is children between the ages of three and twenty one years of age who have a specific disability that has an adverse effect on the student’s performance. Children who qualify under IDEA are provided with services and accommodations individualized to meet their needs. IDEA entitles all children suspected of having some form of disability to an evaluation by a team and at no cost to the parents or guardians. If the child is determined to need special education and related services, an Individual Education Plan (IEP) is developed based on each child’s specific needs which are decided by both team and parents/guardians. Encyclopedia of Educational Psychology (2008) Once covered under an IEP, the students with disabilities are re-evaluated at least every three years and their IEP’s is reviewed when a change in place occurs. This is most often annually as they go from grade to grade. IDEA recognizes autism, deaf-blindness, deafness, emotional disturbance, hearing impairment, other health impairment (i.e., attention deficit hyperactivity disorder), specific learning disability, speech or language impairment, traumatic brain injury and visual impairment. An evaluation for services under I... ...EA: Policy Solutions to Improve US Special Education. Retrieved April 16, 2011, from http://www.brookings.edu/ DiNitto, D. M. (2011). Social Welfare: Politics and Public Policy (7th ed.). : Allyn & Bacon. Encyclopedia of Educational Psychology (2008). Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. Retrieved April 9, 2011, from http://www.sage-ereference.com/educationalpsychology/Article_n139.html Lloyd, PhD, C. M., & Rosman, PhD, E. (2005). Infants and Young Children. Exploring Mental Health Outcomes for Low-income Mothers of Children with Special Needs: Implications for Policy and Practice, 18(3), 186-199. National Association of Social Workers (2008). Code of Ethics. Retrieved April 16, 2011, from http://www.socialworkers.org/pubs/code/default.asp US Department Of Education (n.d.). Building the Legacy of IDEA. Retrieved April 9, 2011, from http://idea.ed.gov

Nothing :: essays research papers

Locarno Treaty means peace for all At Locarno in Switzerland there was another treaty to be signed. Great Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Belgium, Poland, and Czechoslovakia were there to uphold this peace treaty. The three countries that backed the treaty up greatly were Germany, Great Britain and France. The main members of the treaty of Locarno are Austin Chamberlain (Great Britain) Aristide Briand (France) and Gustav Stresemann (Germany). Aristide is a successful member of the LoN helping in many cases. It has also been stated that he is a man that understands everything, but knows nothing. He has done many good things for France and is man of the modern world. Austin Chamberlain played an important part in framing the 1925 Locarno pact, an attempt to stabilize the capitalist powers in Europe. Known to enjoy family holidays with Mussolini the leader of Italy, together it states that he and Mussolini will uphold the peace in Europe. Gustav Stresemann is a very well known man in Germany and outside. This man has he lped Germany back on its feet he has accepted the fact that Germany was wrong but is a man he doesn’t stay in the past. The treaty’s central aspect of the treaties was that Germany would not choose combat as a means of resolving differences with France or Belgium. Instead, they would use diplomatic measures in order to sort out their problems. In addition, the other countries would come without delay to the aid of the attacked country should this agreement ever be broken. The treaties would assure that the frontiers between Germany and France and between Germany and Belgium be kept. France’s safety was only modestly improved, however, because the other countries in the agreement would only come to its aid if the act committed against it was considered severe. Moreover, the agreement did not restrict the Eastern border. The treaty is important because it brings a conclusion that Germany is accepting these obligations and that is the most important thing at the mo ment. The treaties gave way to a sense of global goodwill, known as the â€Å"spirit of Locarno†. They also helped straighten the way for Germany’s admission into the League of Nations the next year. Finally, Germany was being treated as a friendly nation by its enemies. Soon after joining the League however, the â€Å"spirit of Locarno† ran into strong opposition in Germany and France and eventually dissolved completely.

What Makes A Leader

What Makes a Leader In this article we explore what makes a great leader and what groups and levels of skills are needed to be a great leader. Daniel Coleman writes about Emotional Intelligence, how It Is evaluated, and the Importance of Emotional Intelligence for effectiveness of an affective leader. Everyone is born with certain levels of skills that can be strengthened with persistence, practice and feedback from colleagues and coaches. Mr.. Coleman preformed over the course of an entire year focusing on how emotional Intelligences operates In the workplace.They examined the relationship teen both effective performance and emotional intelligence especially in leadership roles. The 5 groups of skills are listed as follows: self-awareness, self- regulation, motivation, empathy, and social skills, which I will be discussing. Companies hire trained psychologists to develop â€Å"competency models† to aid in identifying, training, and promoting of individuals with these groups o f skills. These individuals are those who can recognize their strengths, weaknesses, drives, values and impact on others who know that one needs to control or redirect disruptive Impulses and moods to be an effective leader.Having relishing achievement for own sake and are considerate to other peoples emotional make up by using the rapport built with others to move them in the desired direction. Daniel Coleman distinguishes what makes a great leader from the average one. The five in one secret to success allows you to maximize your leadership skills. Emotional Intelligence benefits you at every level of business giving you the necessary tools most Important to building the right foundation to a solid future and taking the right direction to ensuring a success in your business venture.Take advantage and use your emotional Intelligence to show how capable and effective you can truly be. Self-awareness in the aspect of big business allocates one resources, strong and weak to use to bes t impact the goals set forward. People with high self-awareness recognize how their feelings affect them, others, and Job performance. Having high self-awareness allows one to make critical decisions that need to be made in order for deadlines to be met and to save future conflict that could have been avoided.Knowing the time and place for things is a good example of having good self- wariness, without it you could potentially ruin a first impression and hinder Impending possible business endeavors. To enhance emotional intelligence companies are altering their training to include the limbic system. This allows for people to break old behavioral habits and establish new ones. It is key to focus that ones emotional intelligence can only come from sincere desire and resolute effort.Once your self-awareness is up to par you will be able to see your Impact on others and see how malleable the people around you really are. Your self-confidence gives o a desire for constructive criticism t o better yourself day by day. 1 OFF redirect any disruptive emotions or any impulses that could spawn from a heated altercation with a fellow employee. Biological impulses guide our everyday emotions, we can never get rid of them, but we can control them. This allows one to pick and choose their words carefully not being tempted to kick the chair or flip the desk.People who can control their emotions are often seen as stiff and dispassionate. With self-regulation, patience is vital and will prove faithful when it comes to your integrity and trustworthiness. With time, you become and grow more comfortable with ambiguity and change thus having a stronger grasp on your emotional intelligence. When looking at the aspect of leadership, one with a good head on their shoulders not eager to Jump to make irrational decisions before first going through all of the possible solutions to the problem.This ensures that the best potential outcome will be explored and evaluated to best serve its pur pose helping business run as it should and keeping employees content with the workplace. Motivation or inspirational words are that should be followed with ambitious work. When being driven to achieve for only the sake of achievement and accomplishing the task at hand is the only thing on your mind. Taking the passion for the quality and the challenges that come with completing any new task.Being the most optimistic when staring down at a ticking time bomb knowing exactly what must be done and with tender touch in some cases that create the most success. The passion that you hold for the very things you do on a daily basis, anywhere from work itself or for any new challenges that spark your interest. This challenge gives you unflagging energy to improve on your current status in every aspect of life. Optimism will bring you far in life with the regards to having patience for the right thing to take its place and take us to where we need to be.Stressing over every little thing will o nly slow you down and make you look like less of a professional. Instead of blaming countless other individuals, taking accountability for your actions and stepping up to learn from this experience and apply it to the work place can cause engineer a turn-around. Empathy or ability to consider others feelings when making a decision in the work lace can save you a lot of time and stress from you saying or doing something without fully thinking it through and it turns out if you would of Just thought that through and been a little less selfish you could of seen the bigger picture.With this trait not only will you be improving your work portfolio so you will be developing the ability to develop others by attracting talent by the expertise that you need for a competitive firm. When in the workplace, one doesn't have two many second chances or second first impressions'. Understanding proper etiquette and the ability to be insensitive to cross-cultural differences could make or break a cli ents approval.It is very important to make sure you know every subtle detail about your client to avoid risking potential failure and ending a potential venture before it even starts. One thing in our culture could mean something completely and totally opposite in someone else's and when you think your conveying the correct platform, in reality you are not on the same page as your client due to lack of preparedness due to poor Social skills are the ability to manage relationships to move people in the direction hat is crucial to the development of the company.Being a leader with good social skills one must be effective in leading change, persuasive, extensive networking, and experience in the leading and building of teams. This allows for the leader to manage what exactly they would want their company to adopt to better the future of the enterprise. With the correct social skills, it will ensure that your ability to persuade allies in other divisions to possibly help fund potential endeavors.Even if your social skills are lacking, there is always room to better your own social skills and evolve into he social butterfly that you always intended to be but never had the right force to push you. Once you have found common ground you can build a rapport and take your business to higher levels. Socially skilled people tend to have a vast amount of acquaintances and have the capabilities of finding common ground with all types of people. People who tend to achieve usually are optimistic including times of setbacks or failures.In conclusion, we are shown that everyone has the skills available to potentially be great leaders but that not everyone has the balanced set or capability to reach the Roth needed so we see that as an individual it takes more than Just one trait to be a great leader but it takes five individual characteristics that make up emotional intelligence that allows us to think before we speak and act making sure that we represent ourselves the way that resembles the characteristics that would make company blush and be glad they have you at their business.Conduct yourself with self-awareness, self-regulation, motivation, empathy, and social skills and you will have the perfect concoction to making a great leader out of yourself and others around you.

Advertising and Advertisement Contributes Essay

A story of mine come immediately to my mind. once I wanted a pair of slipper, but after entering the supermarket, I was shocked for there were thousands of brands of slippers. eventually, I chose LULU which was the only brand I’d ever seen on the television. according to a well known sociologist, and I paraphrase, without advertisement, consumers and merchants both lose something, which is to say that consumers lose the opportunity to obtain the one suit them most and merchants may lose their potential customers. aturally, it is significant to advertise for the firms. meanwhile a recent survey conducted by sina. com will make this point valid and convincible. the sales volume of a certain product doubles since its manufacturer advertise on a TV program. for most of time consumers don’t know their real requirement at all, so their needs to a certain kind of product is influenced greatly by the advertisements. for instance, my mother went shopping one day in order to buy some milk and vegetables, nevertheless she came back home with a pair of trousers†¦ n her words, just because she ever saw it on a magazine. in addition, one of my classmates used to buy whatever he is interested in on. EBAY. com for about 2 times a week. considering the enormous advantages for manufacturers, advertisement has the necessity to remain. each coin, however, has its two sides. rare as the drawbacks of advertisement are, they do exist. some small companies completely rely on the boasting advertisement to attract consumers. in order to make the advertisement to be credible, they invite he celebrities, make special good effect, and even film to publicize their production. unfortunately, consumers are always wise enough to distinguish a fair publicity from one with exaggeration. Hence, those companies are bound to suffer the tremendous cost of advertising without benefiting from it. to sum up, the merits of advertisement for corporations far outweigh its defects. thus, i strongly advocate that advertisement contributes to the amplification of the profit of enterprises and should be retained.

Rhetorical Advertisement Analysis Essay

Teen pregnancy is one of the most serious issues in the American society. Three in ten teen young women get pregnant before their twenties. We have heard about the bad consequences of teen pregnancy in movies, talk shows, news, and many other social media. The Candies Foundation Organization is a non-profit organization that tries change the way youth in America thinks about teen pregnancy and parenthood. This organization decided to use advertisements to persuade teenagers to consider the consequences of having a baby. Therefore, I chose an advertisement from this organization. And I am here to tell you that this advertisement is so powerful that it is likely to reach its intended audience. The advertisement is composed of two parts equally. On the left side, it is a portrait of a female celebrity with a serious facial expression. On the right side, it is a question written in large font with a small text and an image of a crib below it. The question is: â€Å"Not really the way you pictured your first crib, huh?† The crib has a simple design. The advertisement is basically black and white with a touch of a hot pink color. This color only appears in the name of the organization, which is at the bottom of the portrait, and parts of the question. The rhetorical appeals are included in the advertisement to persuade the audience to think about whether or not they are ready to have a baby. The Candies Foundation Organization uses pathos to appeal to both women and man’s emotions and gain further support for their foundation. It uses sex and emotional appeals and made the advertisement engaging not only to men, but also to women. It uses a more mainstream and modern sex appeal to send the message to its intended audience. There are few advertisements that include a portrait of a female celebrity in them. However, this organization used the advantage that celebrities draw audience’s attention. It used a celebrity called Fergie, who is a well-known singer and actress in the modern days. In fact, the portrait successfully made the ad to appeal only to teenagers. While the portrait is attention catching by taking up half of the advertisement, the organization simply used the celebrity’s facial expression as an emotional appeal. The celebrity’s face is made more beautiful with a touch of make-up focusing on the eyes. The advertisement gains more attention with this portrait for the simple fact that the celebrity is looking straight at the audience. However, the celebrity is not smiling or staring at the audience. It is only a conventional look, in fact, the one that people give when they are talking to someone. It is this look and the emotion she lacks, that creates a strong feeling in the audience. It is also this look that attracts perfectly the audience’s full attention for the advertisement. The celebrity, a female, to the point, adds credibility to the advertisement because a female voice has more strength than a male’s in this situation. Men are always interested in their opposite sex. Women always have the feelings of jealousy and insecurity. Furthermore, the organization effectively opens the advertisement for all genders by using a female celebrity. Now, the advertisement not only attracts teen girls’ attention, but also boys. The organization also uses ethos to appeal a personality in the message. The combination of colors adds a special effect to the advertisement, making it much easier for the audience to relate the portrait with the text. Since the celebrity’s picture is gray and white, it mirrors the question perfectly. As soon as the picture captures the audience’s attention, the attractive color automatically pulls the attention toward the question. The contrast of the colors used in this advertisement effectively brings out the advertisement’s own style. It uses a hot-pink color and white for the question and a dark black color as background. Hot-pink color lover or not, the style surely catches the attention of everybody. The white color also stands out in the dark black background, highlighting the question and giving it more importance. An image of a baby’s crib also lies right below the question, which adds more credibility to the advertisement. The organization is not using an image of a decorative crib in this situation. In fact, it uses an image of a traditional crib. It made the crib look simple, original, and plain, in order to appeal to teenagers rather than adults. I consider that the organization assumes that having an image of a crib in the advertisement will lead the audience to realize the message in depth. Therefore, I consider that they are correct with their assumptions. The crib image does make the question more thoughtful and it encourages teenagers to think seriously about the difficulties of having a child. Unlike other advertisements, the Candies Foundation uses a single question to deliver their message. â€Å"Not really the way you pictured your first crib, huh?† By using logos, this advertisement leads the audience to question themselves about their sexual decisions. The slang word, â€Å"crib†, has a double meaning of â€Å"home† and â€Å"baby’s crib†. The exclamation, huh, has a strong sense of interrogation. The combination of these two words gives a better expression and power to the question. Because the advertisement is targeting teenagers instead of adults, the word huh precisely adds credibility to the question. Using logos and ethos, the question is being asked properly along with an image of a baby crib that strikes fear into the audience. After the audience read the question, automatically they start thinking about few general propositions such as: Do I want to give a home like this one for my baby? Can I afford all the expenses of having a baby? Do I have a permanent job? Am I old enough? Am I ready to be a mother? Am I ready to be a father? Do I really want a baby at all? Without doubt, they will answer: NO. The organization did not ask the audience these questions directly nor gave any quantitative facts about babies. However, it used logos to make its audience reason logically and then the audience themselves can draw a specific truth from the propositions they have made. After the audience had thought about the question, they inevitably agree with the truth that the advertisement carries. In conclusion, this advertisement is effective. It is strong, meaningful, and attractive at the same time. The rhetorical appeals included have successfully persuaded its intended audience to prevent teen pregnancy. The great combination of pathos, ethos, and logos that the organization used in this advertisement builds a positive thought that will stay in the audience’s mind for a long time. This thought deeply discourages teenagers to have sex. This thought can also be a motivation for parents to advise their children and furthermore, the organization gains more outside supports to decrease teen pregnancy growth.

Bismark Attack Paper

Bismarck exemplifies the best in effective leadership. While his methods may have been temporarily distasteful, his successful ends for Germany more than justified his means to achieve them. (ATTACK) Otto Von Bismarck spent 10 years working for at united Germany in an attempt to shift the balance of power in Europe. He was once quoted as saying â€Å"People don t make nations, strong leaders and wars do†, and he was more than willing to sacrifice his fellow Germans for his vision of a powerful Germany.Even with the great idea to bring Germany together, I believe it was the farthest example of the best in effective leadership. In fact based on the video and research I believe Bismarck used blackmail and temper tantrums to get his way which is not the mark Of a great and powerful leader. When the King of Prussia asked Bismarck to be his Prime Minister, he wanted Bismarck to unite all Germans under one power, and one crown. He had a parliament that wouldn't pay their military and needed a way to get allGermans from the Saxons, Bavarian and Hessians to unite and become a stronger county. Bismarck believed he was being led by God to bring all of Germany together. This to me sounds very Hitler-issue and very much like someone who is going to step on everyone in his path to get what he wants. He attacked Denmark and then Austria, even though the King of Prussia was against it. While see where his thought process was, and why he attacked to unite his country, the King was very hesitant to have â€Å"Germans shooting at Germans†.After the wars, Bismarck had what he wanted as far as national pride and Germans having a sense of country and dedication to the father land. This is where his effectiveness as a leader ends. The Prime Minister then decided to provoke France into a war. He wanted to make sure no one would try and intervene in German affairs and bring some of the smaller German states out of the nation as a whole. He then adds insult to injury by su ggesting a German prince become the new ruler of Spain, which France vehemently denied.Bismarck had become so power angry and now longer concerned with German affairs that he was blinded to what was going on. There was no need to provoke the French into a war for pointless gains. Bismarck had no need for the French territory but was more concerned with himself and his legacy than his people. Being out only for himself and provoking other countries needlessly is by no means an effective leader much less a great one.