HIV & progres

Although board has been in treating human immunodeficiency virus transmittal and aid, the epidemic lies a deprecative public health issue in all communities across the country and almost the world. Prevention, early detection, and ongoing treatwork forcet remain important aspects of c are for battalion with human immunodeficiency virus transmittings and support.Nurses in all settings encounter passel with this disease thus, nurses need an understanding of the disorder, knowledge of the physical and psychological consequences associated with the diagnosing, and expert discernment and clinical management skills to provide optimal care for people with human immunodeficiency virus transmittance and AIDS.In 1987, just 6 years newr onward the first guinea pigs of AIDS were report, the U.S. Food and medicine Administration (FDA) approved the first antiretroviral agent in 1988nthe first randomized controlled running of primary prophylaxis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumon ia appeared in the literature and in 1995 protease inhibitors joined the growing frame of antiretroviral agents.Improved treatment of human immunodeficiency virus and AIDS has resulted in increased survival time in 1996, 1997, and 1998, age-adjusted death rates fell 29%, 48%, and 21%, respectively.This paper emotional state toa) pick up the modes of transmission of HIV infection.b) describe the pathophysiology of HIV infection.c) explain the physiology underlying the clinical manifestations of HIV infection.d) Describe the management of patients with HIV infection.e) Discuss the interventions appropriate for patients with HIV infection and AIDS.I. IntroductionSince acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) was first recognized much than 20 years ago, remarkable climb on has been do in improving the quality and duration of life of persons with HIV infection.During the first decade, this progress was associated with recognition of expedient disease processes, more effective therapy for complications, and introduction of prophylaxis against common opportunistic infections (OIs).The second decade has witnessed progress in developing highly active antiretroviral therapies (HAART) as well as continuing progress in treating OIs (Masur, Kaplan & angstromHolmes, 1999).Since the HIV serological test (enzyme immuno curb EIA, formerly enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ALISHA, became available in 1984, allowing early diagnosis of the infection before onset of symptoms, HIV infection has been best managed as a chronic disease and most appropriately managed in an outpatient care setting (Gallant, 2001).II. BackgroundA. EpidemiologyIn thole 1982, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) issued a episode exposition of AIDS after the first 100 cases were account. Since then, the CDC has revised the case definition a number of times (1985, 1987, and 1993)> All 50 states, the District of Columbia, U.S. dependencies and possessions, and self-employed person nations in free association with the fall in States report AIDS cases to the CDC using a uniform surveillance case definition and case report from (CDC, 2000).Starting in the late 1990s, more states started to implement HIV case reporting in response to the ever-changing epidemic and the need for information on persons with HIV infection who have non developed AIDS.As of December 2001, there were 816,149 reported cases of HIV/AIDS and 506, 154 adults, adolescents, and children in the join States (including U.S. dependencies, possession, and associated nations) living with AIDS. Unprotected sex and share-out of injection medicate use equipment are the major means of transmission of HIV.A intact of 43, 158 AIDS cases were diagnosed in 2001. For men diagnosed with AIDS during 2001, 59% were in the exposure stratum of men who have sex with men 24% in injection drug use and 7% in straight contact.In women diagnosed with AIDS during that same period, 44% reported injection d rug use and 52% reported heterosexual contact. Comparing run away/ethnicity amount the three largest groups diagnosed in 2001, 20,752 were black, not Hispanics (CDC, 2002).The number of people living with AIDS is not evenly distributed throughout the linked States. States with the largest number of reported AIDS cases during 2001 were brisk York (7,476), Florida (5,138), California (4,315), Texas (2,892), and Maryland (1,860) (CDC, 2002).AIDS has reached epidemic proportions in some other parts of the world. consort to the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS, more than 18.3 one meg zillion people worldwide have died of AIDS and 34.3 million people are infected with HIV, with 5.4 million people newly infected with HIV in 1999 alone (Letvin, Bloom & Hoffman, 2001). UNAIDS (2001) reports that since the epidemic began, more than 60 million people have been infected with the virus, devising it the most devastating disease ever.The early confirmed case of HIV infection wa s found in blood move from an African man in 1959 (Stephenson, 2003).Although factors associated with the administer of HIV in Africa in the sixties however, social changes such as easier devil to transportation, increasing population density, and more tell on sexual contacts may have been more important (Stephenson 2003).